Mount Hood

Stress management tips for stress awareness month

Escrito por: Claire Phillips | Redactora de Entretenimiento

Advertencia sobre el contenido: this article contains mentions of mental health struggles.

As students begin to gear up for midterms, stress begins to build up as well. Losing oneself in school or work is easy, and once the situation is realized, it’s a slippery slope to recovery. During stress awareness month, the Howl and Western’s Student Health and Counseling Center want to make students aware of the resources they have available to them.

Western’s Student Health and Counseling Center provides a variety of resources: immunizations, counseling and women’s health care. The SHCC website states: “We continue to evaluate our needs and the needs of students to ensure great care in a timely manner. We continue to provide counseling and medical services to eligible students.” 

There are factors college students may not realize contribute to stress. Stress can either be acute or chronic, and it is important to recognize the distinction. Both are equally important to attend to depending on the situation. Acute stress is short-term and may be caused by sitting in commute traffic, while chronic stress is long-term and may be caused by job dissatisfaction, tumultuous family life or a sport. 

When one is experiencing stress, it is important to catch it early on. Stress, especially chronic stress, can lead to physical health concerns such as insomnia and high blood pressure. However, the mental aspect of stress or anxiety has the greatest impact during the time the person is experiencing it. Scott Perfect, LPC, NCC and the counseling director at Western’s Student Health and Counseling Center, explained, “Neuroscience tells us that stress incites arousal of our limbic system (fight or flight) through the release of excitatory neurotransmitters and other mechanisms.”

Each student has different stressors and needs, so each must also be treated accordingly. The SHCC considers this with each student.

Additional measures to take to ease stress may be practiced within the comfort of one’s home. Journaling, stretching and meal planning are simple strategies that one can work into their daily schedule. 

Mayo Clinic provides the four A’s for managing stress — avoid, alter, accept and adapt. Planning may help one avoid potential stressors, such as learning boundaries. Altering the environment around you, such as communicating with those around you and managing time, may change the situation for the better. Talking out feelings and learning from one’s mistakes is part of the acceptance process of stress management. Changing expectations and standards finishes the four A’s within the adapting stage.

“The blueprint for humans appears to have some random and idiosyncratic elements. There is no one answer to manage stress and this is why I suggest students take advantage of the Student Health and Counseling Center by meeting with a counselor so that their stress management strategies and responses can be customized for them,” Perfect said.

Student Health and Counseling Center: 503.838.8313 | health@wou.edu

Póngase en contacto con el autor en howlentertainment@wou.edu

Meet Hunter Hall

Escrito por: Hannah Field | Redactora de noticias

A few things to note about Hunter Hall, the Associated Students of Western Oregon University President: his love for Western is reflected in a Naruto headband engraved with the Western logo, he works with graphic design and used to be deathly afraid of clowns.

Only two of those topics are relevant to his time at Western. 

Hall began his college career at Portland Community College and transferred to Western in 2020, with three years of experience in student government under his belt. During the pandemic, learning was online, and Hall was merely a virtual student. He had little resources and company on campus, but he knew one thing: he wanted to be involved with student government at Western.

His first and second years consisted of student work at the entry level: Destination Western and tutoring at the Math Center. Eventually, he found ASWOU, climbing the ranks to his current position as the President.

“I just slowly integrated myself and started working toward the things I wanted to do here,” said Hall. “I needed to be in a position of power so I could better help support the students like me, who might not have friends or family here, or like many people, to support them … I really tried to throw myself into the sandcastle elbows-deep and get super, duper involved — just (having) many jobs from my first and second years here that helped me get to where I am now.”

Technically, Hall graduated with his Bachelor’s in June of 2023: one in Mathematics, and then another in Interdisciplinary Studies with a double minor in Communications and Writing. Currently, Hall is a graduate student for a Masters degree in the Art of Teaching.

“I’m going to use my math undergrad and then my MAT to teach at the middle school level for about ten years. And then I hope to become a principal of a school, and then eventually a superintendent of a school district. It’s like I said: if you really want to make a change, you have to integrate yourself well.”

Another fact about Hunter Hall: he plans extensively for his future.

Although Hall won’t be ASWOU President next year, he’ll be on campus as a building manager and volunteering at Western’s garden — seeds he planted, a mark to be left behind as he continues to embark on his ten-year plan.

Póngase en contacto con el autor en howlnews@mail.wou.edu

Recent campus closure announcement

Escrito por: Gretchen Sims | Editor in Chief,  Jaylin Hardin | Sports Editor

Fall of 2021 marked the completion of the initial steam pipeline construction project; however, due to the lack of efficacy of the current pipeline, the vaults are now being replaced.

In an email sent on March 19, students were notified that “Work on the steam pipeline project will impact vehicle and pedestrian travel on Monmouth Avenue, starting March 26 through September 2024.” 

Also noted were the crosswalk closures on Church and Jackson Streets, as well as the parking closure on Church Street — all construction pathways will meet the Americans with Disabilities Act., ADA, specifications. 

Western, along with many other higher education institutes, uses steam to heat its campus, which runs through a series of pipes, vaults and boilers. What Western lacks for this system is tunnels to run the pipeline through every building, something that is vital to the system’s stability and maintenance. 

Due to the absent tunnel system, Western must bury the steam pipes directly in the ground. The steam system initially relied on cast iron pipes, which are durable and resistant to abrasion but not flexible and are prone to rusting. Due to the high acidity in Oregon soil, the pipes experienced rapid corrosion, and the initial project to repair this corrosion was compromised, prompting the new construction project. 

Groundbreaking begins on April 14. To prepare for this, 3,000 feet of fencing was put up over Spring Break to ensure student safety — with students getting trapped in the fenced off areas being a point of concern. 

Starting the second week of the spring term, signage will be posted around Western, breaking it into different quadrants. This signage is intended to direct people around campus so they don’t find themselves at a dead end and be forced to backtrack.

“I find it interesting, first of all, that this notice went out to campus about it being closed over spring break through September, but it’s open right now, which is confusing to me. Church Street parking is completely open when they said it was going to be closed from spring break,” said Sarah Lockwood, Western’s facilities scheduling manager. 

Jason Krawczyk, director of capital planning and construction, oversees all projects that require bringing in a contractor to campus or projects that are over a certain price threshold.

Krawczyk clarified the timings of the closure stating that access to Church Street from Monmouth Avenue is currently inaccessible, but Church Street will be fully fenced off, and the parking closure will be enforced, in the upcoming weeks — Jackson Street access, however, will be accessible until Summer Term. 

Krawczyk stated that the reason they ultimately decided to close Church Street is due to his staff’s commitment to student safety. Trucks will have to run from behind the New PE building up through Church Street, thus moving against the flow of traffic and posing a danger to not only vehicles, but also pedestrians and construction workers. If cars were parked on both sides of the road, vehicle operators would not be able to see pedestrians easily and pedestrians might not expect the vehicle to be there. 

Notice of the closure was not announced until the end of finals week, just days before the intended start of the project. Due to this short notice, questions were raised regarding the lack of information and prior notice. 

The first closure announcement was made through the @westernoregonuniversity Instagram page, four days before an email was sent out to the general student body. 

“We don’t put out any communication that hasn’t been approved and the approval process takes a long time. So it might seem like it is coming out last minute, but it’s because we only put out information that is 100 percent accurate,” said Krawczyk.

Many voiced concerns came from student veterans on campus regarding both students and community members who have served. Veterans already have limited exclusive parking spaces on campus — four spots for the one-hundred-plus veterans that Western serves — and usage of these spots requires both a Zone One parking pass and Veteran or Armed Forces license plates. 

One anonymous student veteran was concerned about how late the information was shared with the general student community. 

“The only official communication that I heard was through the Instagram post,” said the student veteran. “The rest was word of mouth from staff that were notified before us.”

The Veteran Resource Center, the VRC, puts on events throughout the year for all members of the Veteran community and those with connections to the Armed Forces. Another concern that arose from this is the parking access to the Werner University Center and, thus, the VRC, for disabled veterans from the community and their family members who attend these events. 

Mike Hanson, associate director of campus public safety, put the concerns regarding disabled veteran access to the VRC to rest. “The disability spots campus wide are reserved for any person who has a valid disability placard. They are able to park in any lot with any (Western) permit. That includes a guest day pass. If a person is a guest and is not eligible for a guest pass but has a valid disability placard they also have the ability to park at any meter without paying the meter. This is in accordance with state law ORS 811.635,” said Hanson.

However, some students have a better vision for the future of parking. “A few veterans have said that they wish they could park anywhere as long as they had the veteran plate and the parking pass,” said the student veteran. 

Employees who live on campus also spoke on various concerns about the closure of Church Street. 

“I can’t afford a parking pass because my wages don’t equal out to ‘just buy a parking pass,’” said one anonymous student employee. “You’d have to have another job… that’s the only spot I can park.”

Some Western employees who commute simply do not want to pay for a parking pass, as they may only spend a few days a week on campus — not making the cost of a parking pass worthwhile. Other students, staff and faculty concerns revolve around access to locations needed for commencement. Because Church Street will be fenced off during June, access to the New PE building and the football stadium will be limited. 

Krawczyk wants to reassure any event planning committees that “During any construction project, we’re willing to work with groups that have events happening on campus as long as we know about them ahead of time and can plan for them,” said Krawczyk. 

Access to Church Street will be made available for commencement.

Additionally, the closure of Church Street has caused a parking crisis among students and staff alike over the loss of free street parking. 

“I went for a walk today and I counted (the) parking spaces… there are 54 just normal parking spaces, there are four handicap-accessible parking spaces and there are three to four — depending on how many cars fit — 20-minute parking spots that are right by the front doors (of the WUC),”  said Lockwood.

Students share many concerns about the closure of Church Street, some of them include the fact that, because the announcement was so late notice, purchasing a parking pass was not an expense these students planned for. 

Church Street is city property and, therefore, Western is not responsible for the replacement of these spaces. However, the parking options now available to students are not comparable to the number or type of parking spaces lost due to the closure. 

Lockwood reached out to Parking Services in an attempt to request a suitable alternative for the loss of parking. “Parking services, when reaching out to them about the street being closed, they were very matter-of-fact about there not being any replacement parking. The street was going to be closed and the options were for students to use metered parking… or pay for a parking pass, or find street parking on the perimeter of campus,” said Lockwood.

On Lockwood’s walk around campus, she noted that there were approximately ten metered parking spaces and a few empty street parking spaces around the perimeter of campus, but these numbers will not make up for the 54 lost spaces that were filled. 

Addressing student concerns regarding the loss of handicapped spaces, Hanson said, “For any person to park in a disability spot anywhere on campus there are two requirements. The first requirement is having a valid WOU permit (this includes guest permits) and a valid disability placard.”

Despite the losses of the parking spaces on Church Street, Krawczyk and the construction crew on this project are doing their best to alleviate the issue. 

“With the student success center, I think it’s important to note that we worked closely with parking and actually paid for thirty spaces so that the construction people on that job site would not be taking the free public parking on the road. And the same thing is happening with this. By taking Lot E, for our laydown area and construction worker parking, that means that all of the added people brought to campus by this construction project will not be taking free parking from students. We know that we will have an influx in people and we try and make sure that they don’t… anger the community by parking in front of their houses at 6 a.m. in the morning with loud diesel trucks, and don’t anger our student population by when they show up for an 8 (a.m.) class and all the free parking is gone,” said Krawczyk.

One proposed resolution to the loss of parking spaces due to the closure is the opening of P Lot as a free parking Zone. There are a comparable amount of parking spaces in the lot as were lost from Church Street, and it is usually fairly empty. 

“In general with the road closure, like there should be a safe spot to park if there’s nowhere to park on Church Street. They should have everybody park in P Lot, but then have an officer on standby to walk everyone back,” said the anonymous student employee. 

Lockwood also recommended a few spots in H Lot be converted into 20-minute parking spaces for easy access to the WUC. 

Hanson reasoned against the handing out of free parking spaces saying, “…we were not able to just give out free parking to those that do not have (parking) permits. (This) would cause issues with the spring events that occur on that portion of campus including, but not limited to, Baseball and Track and Field events. The other issue would be the equality for those who have already purchased permits. The free parking would cause the issue of why some people have to pay for permits while others do not have to pay to park on campus.”

“We understand the effect that this closure has on the parking. (Western) Parking has worked with the city of (Monmouth) and Independence to provide an alternative resource to students, staff and faculty. The parking near campus and the nearby neighborhoods have had a longtime pressure on available street parking. The Monmouth Independence area was given funding to research and implement the MI Trolley service. This is a free ride service that travels from (Western)’s campus all the way to Riverfront (Park) in Independence. This service gives those without a permit a free option to ride to campus,” said Hanson.

“Unfortunately, the project is too long, it can’t just happen over the summer months, and we can’t do it, also, during the rainy season. So doing it spring and summer was really our only option,” said Krawczyk.

Contact the authors at howleditorinchief@wou.edu and howlsports@wou.edu

La experiencia militar

Escrito por: Michael Hager | Freelancer

Muy poca gente sabe que puedes servir a tu país mientras obtienes tu título, y que el bueno del Tío Sam te cubrirá la matrícula. Me alisté en la Guardia Nacional del Ejército de Oregón hace cuatro años, cuando cursaba el penúltimo año de secundaria, con la intención de ir a la universidad y obtener una licenciatura. 

Como mucha gente, mi familia no podía permitirse enviarme a la universidad. Uno de mis entrenadores del instituto era sargento mayor del ejército y también dirigía el programa del Cuerpo de Entrenamiento de Oficiales de la Reserva Junior (JROTC) de mi instituto. Me contó que la Guardia Nacional pagaría mi matrícula, y allí estaba yo, con 16 años, con una decisión que tomar.

Siempre quise ser militar: mi abuelo era veterano de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, mi tío también y uno de mis primos ya estaba en la Guardia. No sabía qué quería hacer después del instituto, pero mis padres querían que fuera a la universidad. Acabé eligiendo lo mejor de ambos mundos. 

Me reuní con un reclutador y me explicó que, una vez cumplidos los 17 años, lo único que necesitaría sería el consentimiento de mis padres y podría alistarme en la Guardia Nacional con un contrato de seis años. Esto cubriría mis dos últimos años de instituto y cuatro años de universidad en cualquier escuela de Oregón en la que pudiera entrar. 

Después de intentar convencer a mis padres, casi exactamente un mes antes de la pandemia, firmé un contrato de seis años con la Guardia Nacional del Ejército de Oregón. Pude hacer que un primo mayor me tomara juramento, lo que estuvo muy bien. 

Me enviaron al proceso de entrenamiento dividido: Entrenamiento Básico un verano y Entrenamiento Individual Avanzado (AIT, por sus siglas en inglés) al siguiente, en lugar del Entrenamiento de Unidad en una Estación (OSUT, por sus siglas en inglés) normal que hacían todos los demás. Esto significaba que iría al Entrenamiento Básico de Combate en el verano entre mis años junior y senior, en plena pandemia.

Se suponía que mi Base sólo duraría 10 semanas pero, como fue en plena pandemia, tuvimos que permanecer en cuarentena en nuestros barracones durante dos semanas. Me enviaron a alojarme con 40 desconocidos y el único momento en que se nos permitía salir era para buscar comida. Una vez que todos estuvimos limpios, empezamos a entrenar 

10 semanas después. Unas semanas antes de que empezara mi último año, nos graduamos del Entrenamiento Básico de Combate. Terminé mi último año en Zoom en 2021, y me gradué oficialmente tanto de la escuela secundaria como del entrenamiento básico. Para entonces, ya tenía una buena idea de dónde iba a estar mi unidad, y sabía que quería estar cerca de mi unidad mientras iba a la universidad. Por eso elegí Western: mi unidad se encuentra en Salem. 

Después de graduarme, tenía todo listo para venir a Western en el otoño de 2021, y volví a completar el AIT con toda la misma gente con la que hice el básico, además de otra compañía que también hizo lo mismo que nosotros. 

Al principio fue un infierno. Todos habíamos vuelto al instituto y habíamos perdido toda la disciplina, así que la primera semana más o menos volvió a ser básica. 

Al final, terminamos el AIT y fuimos oficialmente agentes de la Policía Militar, que era nuestra especialidad militar ocupacional. Un par de semanas antes de graduarme, a mí y a otros dos nos dijeron que, cuando volviéramos a casa, la ex gobernadora Kate Brown nos enviaría a la frontera. La gobernadora del estado es la comandante en jefe de la Guardia Nacional. 

Los planes que tenía de asistir a la universidad en otoño se habían acabado, y estaba en una misión de un año. En octubre de 2021, en lugar de prepararme para mi primer año de universidad, me enviaron a mi misión, pero no era a la frontera. Mucho peor, me enviaron al centro de Indiana en invierno para ayudar a procesar y proteger a los refugiados afganos que envió el presidente Joe Biden. 

Había unos 20.000 refugiados que necesitaban hacerse ciudadanos, y nos proyectaron en esta base minúscula con nada más que un Subway y una cafetería 10 veces peor que Valsetz. 

Por suerte, pudimos volver a casa seis meses después, en medio de lo que habría sido el trimestre de primavera de mi primer año. Pude matricularme en el siguiente semestre de otoño, lo que me sitúa un año por detrás de mis compañeros. 

Empecé a ir a Drill, que es donde nos reunimos un fin de semana al mes y entrenamos para diferentes cosas. Empecé a ir a la escuela y seguí yendo a los ejercicios una vez al mes, y luego me uní al Club de Rugby Masculino. 

Mi horario de entrenamiento interfiere con los partidos y torneos, pero puedo arreglarlo con mis entrenadores y sigo jugando. El entrenamiento, en su mayor parte, no afecta a mi trabajo escolar, excepto durante la semana de los exámenes finales. 

Como estudiante militar, también tengo acceso al Centro de Recursos para Veteranos del campus, que me pone en contacto con otros estudiantes militares y con recursos que puedo utilizar. El Día de los Veteranos organizan diferentes eventos en los que puedo participar; uno de ellos es la carrera anual 5K Ruck 'n Run, que gané el año pasado. 

Este es mi viaje a través de las fuerzas armadas, y varía para todos a través de las ramas. Con todo, la Guardia Nacional es una forma estupenda de hacer contactos, adquirir experiencia y conseguir que te paguen la universidad.

Póngase en contacto con el autor en mhager20@wou.edu

Connor Price

Escrito por: Hannah Field | Redactora de noticias

Sworn in earlier this year, Conner Price, a former Western student, has become one of Oregon’s first licensed paralegals.

Before 2023, licensed paralegals did not exist in Oregon. The licensure was created to establish more resources in-house and family law, which, according to the Oregon State Bar, were “the two areas of greatest unmet need by Oregonians.” Previously, clients had to seek far more expensive lawyers for this kind of aid, but now licensed paralegals may offer less costly assistance for similar work.

The work of a licensed paralegal may follow a wide scope of tasks: represent or assist clients in many legal instances, file documents with the court, review documents with clients and prepare clients for court appearances or other conferences — more tasks are listed by the Oregon State Bar.

Price, however, has not yet passed the Bar exam. To be a licensed paralegal, different exams are required.

“I was going to go to law school directly out of college,” said Price. “But after two and a half years of pandemic learning, I was like, I need a break.”

Price graduated from Western in 2022. Since then, he’s moved to work at a law firm located in Astoria, which, according to him, is “a beautiful little town (with lots of) rich history.”

The law firm, Stahancyk, Kent & Hook, embraced the new Oregon Licensed Paralegal program which Price completed — making him the only licensed paralegal at his location.

The program was tedious, requiring proof of 1500 hours of work, a portfolio thoroughly documenting different categories of work and multiple rigorous tests.

His time at Western prepared him well for hard work — pre-pandemic, Price had a full schedule, usually unavailable until past 8 p.m. every weekday. At times, he was taking up to 22 credits, working 20 hours at Valsetz Dining Hall, participating year-round in choir and performing with Western’s cheer team.

Price graduated with two majors — one in Political Science and the other in Communications — with a minor in History. 

“(Western) is a great little school. What I appreciated most was the small class sizes, being able to get one-on-one time with the professors,” said Price. Today, his favorite professor — his former choir professor, James Reddan — has retired, but Price still, occasionally, plays the piano as a musical outlet.

Regarding his career, Price stated that he hopes to eventually attend law school.

“I don’t know if I’m underselling it — it is a pretty big accomplishment. But it’s not, you know, passing the bar and becoming a full-fledged attorney … I never imagined that I would be licensed to practice law without first going to law school.”

Price looks forward to serving his community — especially with the knowledge that legal aid is expensive but necessary for many. “That’s where people like me come in, where I can charge significantly less and still get them the help they need within the scope of my license,” said Price.

For all interested in licensure, seek out the Oregon State Bar for information.



Póngase en contacto con el autor en howlnews@mail.wou.edu

Meet the director

Escrito por: Hannah Field | Redactora de noticias

Advertencia sobre el contenido: this article includes mentions of assault and violence

Kristen Perry has her dream job.

Her first time applying for Director of Abby’s House at Western, Perry didn’t get the position — derailing her career path, although only temporarily. After graduating from Western, she experimented with other positions, jobs she loved and couldn’t keep, but found herself back in Monmouth. It was what she truly wanted to do — and maybe that’s why six months later, the position opened, as if it was waiting for her.

Since November 2021, Perry has been the Director of Abby’s House.

“In a way, I don’t like the title,” explained Perry sheepishly. “It’s like, oh, I’m talking to the most important person at Abby’s House — and that’s not necessarily true.”

What is true, however, is the very real existence of Abby’s House advocacy.

Perry is a confidential advocate — which, she stresses, is not the same as a therapist. The title, supported by a lengthy training program, allows for Perry to speak with individuals about a vast range of topics — often centering on trauma — and she cannot share that information with anyone else.

“I myself have experienced sexual assault and I experienced that while I was in college, which is why I got involved,” said Perry. “I get to work with survivors who are at their lowest. And I get to help bring them up — lift them up, mentor them — and also help them work through their trauma. I feel very special and very honored that people feel comfortable telling me their stories.”

Abby’s House represents a comfortable, open space — a sentiment Perry has promoted in the seemingly smallest of choices, like the decision to find a new name.

“Abby’s House, the Center for Equity and Gender Justice — nobody knows what Abby’s House means … that (it) doesn’t portray everything we encompass,” said Perry. After multiple name changes in the past, Perry’s on the hunt for an acronym that will better suit all of Abby’s House’s purposes. Some examples of which include internships, basic needs, safety training, violence prevention, providing resources and more.

The Abby’s House website will be updated to be easier on the eyes and more accurate. Abby’s House will also grow to encompass the Stonewall Center in the fall.

“I just want people to know we are truly here for everyone,” said Perry. “We will do the extra research. We will provide any extra resources.”

Perry has made it clear that she won’t be going anywhere anytime soon.

Contact the author at howlnews@mail.wou.edu.

Spring term is upon us

Escrito por: Taylor Duff | Redactor

Spring term is upon us, and many of us have so many choices for courses offered in the new term. There are a few hidden courses that many don’t know about because they may be unconventional or not talked about. Here are some ideas if one is exploring their options for the Spring Term. 

A 210-Art for Health — This course investigates the known connections between various creative pursuits and their positive effects on health. The curriculum includes journaling and assessment of art-making activities and other habits, goal-setting for art-making as a physical exercise and good mental health habits and stress-reduction strategies through art-making.

BA 310-Consumer Behavior — This course investigates the conduct associated with finding, purchasing and using goods and services. Analysis and discussion are held regarding the behavioral concepts’ significance for both strategic and tactical marketing activities (e.g., personality, motivation, perception, cultural effects, decision-making process, satisfaction, learning, persuasion, etc.).

BI 425-Ornithology — This course examines the biology, ecology, diversity, behavior, anatomy, physiology and conservation of birds. The curriculum focuses on the ecology and avian evolutionary links. The focus of the lab will be on fieldwork techniques and bird research methodologies, as well as observations of both preserved and living species.

COM 410-Communication and Event Planning — Students will create, plan, organize and execute a significant event for the chosen organization in collaboration with a school or non-profit community group liaison. At the end of the term, students will turn in a portfolio showing the assignments they have completed.

CSE 469-“Hey U Up?”: Tech, Culture, and Maybe Love — This course examines dating apps and how they affect our perceptions of relationships, technology and culture. The objective is to gain a deeper understanding of how technology affects human connection, behavior and interactions as well as how human behavior. Interactions and ideologies influence the usage, development and production of technology. We will participate in scholarly and popular discussions about dating apps, interview users and examine apps to take into account issues with prejudice, security, and safety. Identity relationships using a rhizomatic approach to research, observation and analysis. The class will attempt to comprehend and make clear the hazards and advantages of dating app use, as well as how they are built and used. 

EXS 426-Sports and Exercise Nutrition — This course studies the relationship between nutrition and the demands of competitive sports and exercise. Particularly focuses on how different demographic groups have different needs and how diet and exercise relate to good health.




Póngase en contacto con el autor en: tduff23@mail.wou.edu